{"id":553,"date":"2023-03-27T21:49:05","date_gmt":"2023-03-27T21:49:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/?p=553"},"modified":"2025-03-12T19:14:16","modified_gmt":"2025-03-12T19:14:16","slug":"sar-synthetic-aperture-radar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/sar-synthetic-aperture-radar\/","title":{"rendered":"SAR Synthetic-Aperture Radar"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>In this article you can find what synthetic aperture radar or SAR technology is, its importance and available data sources. You will also find details about what it is used for as well as available bands and their main characteristics.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_76 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/sar-synthetic-aperture-radar\/#What_is_synthetic-aperture_radar_SAR\" >What is synthetic-aperture radar (SAR)?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/sar-synthetic-aperture-radar\/#What_is_synthetic-aperture_radar_used_for_How_is_SAR_used\" >What is synthetic-aperture radar used for? How is SAR used?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/sar-synthetic-aperture-radar\/#Synthetic-aperture_radar_missions\" >Synthetic-aperture radar missions<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/sar-synthetic-aperture-radar\/#Operational_SAR_missions\" >Operational SAR missions<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/sar-synthetic-aperture-radar\/#Sentinel_1\" >Sentinel 1<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/sar-synthetic-aperture-radar\/#CosmoSkyMed\" >CosmoSkyMed<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/sar-synthetic-aperture-radar\/#TerraSAR_X\" >TerraSAR X<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/sar-synthetic-aperture-radar\/#PAZ\" >PAZ<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/sar-synthetic-aperture-radar\/#ALOS_PALSAR_2\" >ALOS PALSAR 2<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/sar-synthetic-aperture-radar\/#Radarsat-2\" >Radarsat-2<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/sar-synthetic-aperture-radar\/#Non-operational_SAR_missions\" >Non-operational SAR missions<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/sar-synthetic-aperture-radar\/#ERS-12\" >ERS-1\/2<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/sar-synthetic-aperture-radar\/#ENVISAT\" >ENVISAT<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/sar-synthetic-aperture-radar\/#Radarsat-1\" >Radarsat-1<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/sar-synthetic-aperture-radar\/#Future_SAR_Missions\" >Future SAR Missions<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/sar-synthetic-aperture-radar\/#NISAR\" >NISAR<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/sar-synthetic-aperture-radar\/#Biomass\" >Biomass<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/sar-synthetic-aperture-radar\/#ROSE-L\" >ROSE-L<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/sar-synthetic-aperture-radar\/#Microsatellites\" >Microsatellites<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/sar-synthetic-aperture-radar\/#Available_SAR_band_types\" >Available SAR band types<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/sar-synthetic-aperture-radar\/#C-Band\" >C-Band<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22\" href=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/sar-synthetic-aperture-radar\/#X-Band\" >X-Band<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-23\" href=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/sar-synthetic-aperture-radar\/#P-Band\" >P-Band<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-24\" href=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/sar-synthetic-aperture-radar\/#L-Band\" >L-Band<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_is_synthetic-aperture_radar_SAR\"><\/span>What is synthetic-aperture radar (SAR)?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) is a type of sensor radar that allows taking high-resolution images from space.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/what-is-synthetic-aperture-radar-sar-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-556\" srcset=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/what-is-synthetic-aperture-radar-sar-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/what-is-synthetic-aperture-radar-sar-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/what-is-synthetic-aperture-radar-sar-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/what-is-synthetic-aperture-radar-sar.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>SAR sensors could be used both during the day and night and they work even in cloudy days. They work by emitting electromagnetic waves in the microwave spectrum and receiving the reflected signal.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"detektia-postcta\"><p>SAR lets capturing high quality images from space without being affected by clouds and can take pictures both at day and night.<\/p><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>By processing the echo of electromagnetic pulses, they are able to calculate or measure distances and construct high quality images of any surface.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_is_synthetic-aperture_radar_used_for_How_is_SAR_used\"><\/span>What is synthetic-aperture radar used for? How is SAR used?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Images from SAR sensors are generally used to study the earth&#8217;s surface.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"detektia-postcta\"><p>There are many SAR-based applications or use cases<\/p><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Interferograms are obtained by measuring differences between two or more images of same location but taken at different moments. These images allow measuring deformations or displacements of the earth&#8217;s surface. This data is very useful for many use cases. For instance, to <a href=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/structural-health-monitoring\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">monitor any infrastructure and ensure its safety<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"detektia-postcta\"><p>Interferograms are obtained by comparing two or more images of the same location<\/p><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Known as <a href=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/insar\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">InSAR or interferometric synthetic-aperture radar<\/a>, it offers among other advantages the possibility of generating historical ground deformation information without the need for ground instrumentation.To generate past data, the archive of images from old SAR satellite missions are used. In the article linked at the beginning of this paragraph could be found more information about it. <\/p>\n\n\n<div id='newsletter-detektia'><p>We will soon be launching a new edition of the InSAR satellite course applied to infrastructure management. Would you like to receive more information?<\/p><p>We are sending all the details through our free newsletter. We promise not to send you spam, only relevant information about the sector. Sign up for all the details.<\/p><form action=\"https:\/\/detektia.ipzmarketing.com\/f\/WYCxBS0OvfI\" accept-charset=\"UTF-8\" method=\"post\"><input type=\"text\" name=\"anotheremail\" id=\"anotheremail\" style=\"position: absolute; left: -5000px\" tabindex=\"-1\" autocomplete=\"new-password\" \/><div class=\"signup-form-content\"><div><div style=\"float: left; width: 75%;\"><div><input placeholder=\"E-mail address\" type=\"email\" name=\"subscriber[email]\" id=\"subscriber_email\" style=\"width: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; background-color: white;\" required\/><\/div><\/div><div style=\"float: left; width: 22%; margin-left: 3%;\"><input type=\"submit\" name=\"commit\" value=\"Send\" class=\"btn btn-primary\" data-disable-with=\"Loading\" style=\"margin-top: 0px; width: 100%;\" \/><\/div><div style=\"clear: both;\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"recaptcha\"><script src=\"https:\/\/www.recaptcha.net\/recaptcha\/api.js\" async defer ><\/script><div data-sitekey=\"6LfxSlQUAAAAAE2wMx0128AjWWFXJoBkiNQn2m8m\" class=\"g-recaptcha \"><\/div><noscript><div><div style=\"width:302px;height:422px;position:relative\"><div style=\"width:302px;height:422px;position:absolute\"><iframe src=\"https:\/\/www.recaptcha.net\/recaptcha\/api\/fallback?k=6LfxSlQUAAAAAE2wMx0128AjWWFXJoBkiNQn2m8m\" name=\"ReCAPTCHA\" style=\"width:302px;height:422px;border-style:none;border:0;overflow:hidden\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div><div style=\"width:300px;height:60px;border-style:none;bottom:12px;left:25px;margin:0;padding:0;right:25px;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #c1c1c1;border-radius:3px\"><textarea name=\"g-recaptcha-response\" class=\"g-recaptcha-response\" style=\"width:250px;height:40px;border:1px solid #c1c1c1;margin:10px 25px;padding:0;resize:none\">\n                <\/textarea><\/div><\/div><\/noscript><\/div><div style=\"width: 100%; margin-top: 20px;\"><div><div class=\"checkbox\"><input value=\"0\" autocomplete=\"off\" type=\"hidden\" name=\"subscriber[subscribed_with_acceptance]\" \/><label class=\"boolean required\" for=\"subscriber_subscribed_with_acceptance\"><input class=\"boolean required\" required=\"required\" aria-required=\"true\" type=\"checkbox\" value=\"1\" name=\"subscriber[subscribed_with_acceptance]\" id=\"subscriber_subscribed_with_acceptance\" \/> I Agree to <a href=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/privacy-policy\/\" target=\"_blank\">Privacy Policy<\/a>.<\/label><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/form><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>In linked post we explained what interferograms are and in which directions we measure deformations and movements. We also discussed how we can decompose these movements on the vertical axis or in planimetry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/what-is-sar-synthetic-aperture-radar-for-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-555\" srcset=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/what-is-sar-synthetic-aperture-radar-for-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/what-is-sar-synthetic-aperture-radar-for-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/what-is-sar-synthetic-aperture-radar-for-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/what-is-sar-synthetic-aperture-radar-for.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Other SAR use cases are infrastructure monitoring, glacier and snow melt monitoring, measurement of the effects of natural phenomena such as earthquakes and measurement of deforestation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Synthetic-aperture_radar_missions\"><\/span>Synthetic-aperture radar missions<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In this part of the article we&#8217;ll focus on the most important SAR satellite missions. Knowing this information is crucial if we want to work with SAR technology. Detektia uses data from these radar satellite missions on a daily basis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>We have grouped the SAR missions into three main groups: those that are operational today, those that are no longer operational and those missions that will be operational in the near future.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>We will comment on the most relevant aspects of each one of them: spectrum band in which they operate, space agency, number of satellites in case of a constellation&#8230;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"864\" height=\"604\" src=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/sar-missions-chart.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-617\" srcset=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/sar-missions-chart.png 864w, https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/sar-missions-chart-300x210.png 300w, https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/sar-missions-chart-768x537.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 864px) 100vw, 864px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Operational_SAR_missions\"><\/span>Operational SAR missions<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Sentinel_1\"><\/span>Sentinel 1<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>The European Space Agency&#8217;s (ESA) Copernicus Earth observation program has developed the most impactful SAR mission to date. This mission is known as Sentinel-1 and it utilizes C-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) technology. The mission comprises two twin satellites, Sentinel-1A and Sentinel-1B, which were launched in April 2014 and April 2016, respectively. Sentinel-1 builds on the capabilities of ERS-1\/2 to provide data for emergency response services, land surface monitoring, and marine and atmospheric science applications.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/sar-esa-satellite-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-557\" srcset=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/sar-esa-satellite-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/sar-esa-satellite-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/sar-esa-satellite-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/sar-esa-satellite.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Unfortunately, Sentinel-1B stopped providing data in December 2021 due to an electronic power supply failure. However, a new satellite, Sentinel-1C, is set to launch in the second half of 2023. Additionally, Sentinel-1D is also in the works with only minor modifications compared to its predecessors.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"CosmoSkyMed\"><\/span>CosmoSkyMed<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Cosmo-SkyMed (also known as Constellation of Small Satellites for Mediterranean Observation) is a series of four Italian radar satellite missions developed by the Italian Space Agency (ASI) and Thales Alenia Space. The first satellite, Cosmo-SkyMed 1, was launched in 2007, followed by Cosmo-SkyMed 2 in 2010, Cosmo-SkyMed 3 in 2012 and Cosmo-SkyMed 4 in 2014. Cosmo-SkyMed uses X-band SAR radar to acquire high-resolution images of the Earth&#8217;s surface for a variety of applications.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"TerraSAR_X\"><\/span>TerraSAR X<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>TerraSAR-X is a German radar imaging satellite developed by the German Aerospace Center (DLR) and Astrium (now Airbus Defence and Space). It has been operational since January 2008. The sister satellite TanDEM-X was launched in 2010 and both are still in operation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"PAZ\"><\/span>PAZ<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>PAZ (also known as Peace Earth Observation Satellite) is a radar imaging mission developed by the Spanish company Hisdesat and operated by the Spanish Ministry of Defense. It was launched in 2018 and is still in operation. PAZ uses X-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and it is operated in collaboration with the European Space Agency (ESA) and other partners.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"ALOS_PALSAR_2\"><\/span>ALOS PALSAR 2<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>ALOS PALSAR 2 is a Japanese radar imaging satellite developed by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA). It was launched in 2014 and is still in operation. ALOS PALSAR 2 uses L-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR). The mission is a continuation of the original ALOS PALSAR mission, which was launched in 2006 and operated until 2011. ALOS PALSAR 2 enhances the capabilities of its predecessor by offering improved image quality and increased coverage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Radarsat-2\"><\/span>Radarsat-2<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Radarsat-2 is a radar imaging mission developed by the Canadian Space Agency (CSA) and launched in 2007. It uses C-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) to acquire high-resolution images of the Earth&#8217;s surface. Radarsat-2 improves on the capabilities of its predecessor, Radarsat-1, offering better image quality and greater coverage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Non-operational_SAR_missions\"><\/span>Non-operational SAR missions<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"ERS-12\"><\/span>ERS-1\/2<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>ERS-1 (also known as European Remote Sensing Satellite-1) and ERS-2 (European Remote Sensing Satellite-2) were two radar imaging missions developed by ESA and launched in 1991 and 1995, respectively. ERS-1\/2 used C-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) to acquire high-resolution images of the Earth&#8217;s surface. The mission was a precursor to the Sentinel-1 mission.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"ENVISAT\"><\/span>ENVISAT<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>ENVISAT (also known as Environmental Satellite) was a multi-instrument satellite mission developed by ESA. It was launched in 2002 and operated until 2012. ENVISAT carried a C-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) instrument called ASAR (Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar).&nbsp;ASAR was a very versatile instrument that provided valuable data for Earth observation and detection of changes in the Earth&#8217;s surface. The Envisat mission, which included ASAR as one of its instruments, was an important milestone in the observation of the Earth from space and in the understanding of the processes taking place on our planet. ENVISAT was the largest and most complex Earth observation satellite ever built by ESA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Radarsat-1\"><\/span>Radarsat-1<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Radarsat-1 was a radar imaging mission developed by the Canadian Space Agency (CSA) and launched in 1995. It used C-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) to acquire high-resolution images of the Earth&#8217;s surface for a wide range of applications. Radarsat-1 was a precursor to the Radarsat-2 mission.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Future_SAR_Missions\"><\/span>Future SAR Missions<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"NISAR\"><\/span>NISAR<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>NISAR (NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar) is a joint radar imaging mission developed by NASA and the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO). NISAR will be the first radar using two different radar frequencies (L-band and S-band) to acquire high-resolution images of the Earth&#8217;s surface for a variety of applications, including land cover mapping, topographic mapping, and natural and human hazard monitoring. NISAR is expected to be launched in January 2024.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Biomass\"><\/span>Biomass<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Biomass is a radar imaging mission developed by ESA. It will use P-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) to acquire high-resolution images of the Earth&#8217;s surface for a variety of applications, including forest biomass measurement and land use monitoring. By combining multiple Biomass SAR images using interferometry, it will be possible to obtain highly accurate topographic maps of forested areas. Biomass will be launched in 2024.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"ROSE-L\"><\/span>ROSE-L<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>ROSE-L (Copernicus L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar) is a radar imaging mission developed by ESA. It will carry an active phased array synthetic aperture radar instrument. The radar antenna will be the largest planar antenna ever built measuring an impressive 11 metres by 3.6 metres. ROSE-L is in preparation and is scheduled for launch around 2028.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Microsatellites\"><\/span>Microsatellites<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Finally, it is worth mentioning the emergence of the private sector in the SAR industry. With the emergence of new-space, a number of commercial applications appeared. Six private companies are already present in this sector, with more coming. Among them, Capella, Synspective or predaSAR can be mentioned. The first SAR satellite belonging to this trend is ICEYE X1, a SAR satellite of 85 kilograms launched in 2018. In July 2021, 13 micro SAR satellites were already orbiting the Earth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Available_SAR_band_types\"><\/span>Available SAR band types<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In optical remote sensing, the Sun illuminates the surface of the Earth with a full wavelength spectrum (of which a very small region we humans can see- the visible portion of the spectrum).&nbsp; The ground backscatters a part of the energy received.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/sar-bands-types-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-620\" srcset=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/sar-bands-types-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/sar-bands-types-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/sar-bands-types-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/sar-bands-types.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The satellite picks up the backscattered signal and records the light intensity according to the sensitive spectrum of the sensor. Unlike optical remote sensing, SAR sensors generate their own radiation, with a given frequency and polarization, which is then backscattered by the ground and received by the sensor. This is why radar sensors can work day and night.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"detektia-postcta\"><p>SAR sensors work both day and night because they generate their own radiation that is backscattered by the ground and received by the sensor.<\/p><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>So, in Radar remote sensing we have a series of bands between 1 and 40 GHz, each frequency having specific properties. In general, a signal reacts strongly with objects of geometries of size comparable to the wavelength used, determining the range of applications (topography, cryosphere, biomass, and so on).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-regular sar-table-detektia\"><table><tbody><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Band<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Frequency<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Wavelength<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Characteristics<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Typical Application<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Ka<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">27\u201340 GHz<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">1.1\u20130.8 cm<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Not very useful for SAR<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Airport surveillance<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">K<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">18\u201327 GHz<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">1.7\u20131.1 cm<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Not very useful for SAR<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Airport surveillance<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Ku<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">12\u201318 GHz<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">2.4\u20131.7 cm<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Not very useful for SAR<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Airport surveillance<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">X<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">8\u201312 GHz<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">3.8\u20132.4 cm<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">High resolution, low penetration, not useful in vegetated areas<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Urban and infrastructure monitoring, ice and snow, weather<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">C<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">4\u20138 GHz<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">7.5\u20133.8 cm<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Medium resolution, medium penetration, higher coherence<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Change detection, ice, urban and infrastructure monitoring, maritime navigation, glaciers<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">S<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">2\u20134 GHz<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">15\u20137.5 cm<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Experimental SAR, high penetration<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">&nbsp;Agriculture monitoring, Marine radar<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">L<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">1\u20132 GHz<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">30\u201315 cm<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Medium resolution SAR, high penetration<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Geophysical monitoring, biomass and vegetation mapping, soil moisture<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">P<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">0.3\u20131 GHz<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">100\u201330 cm<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Experimental SAR, susceptible to ionosphere, No sensors yet<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Biomass, tropical forest mapping, mapping, soil moisture<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Satellite SAR sensors use different frequency bands to collect data, each with its own characteristics and applications.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"975\" height=\"615\" src=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/sar-bands-chart.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-616\" srcset=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/sar-bands-chart.png 975w, https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/sar-bands-chart-300x189.png 300w, https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/sar-bands-chart-768x484.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 975px) 100vw, 975px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>For example, in forestry, small wavelengths (X band) will be stopped by the canopy while long wavelengths (L to P bands) pass through the canopy and interact with the soil, trunks, or large branches. Of course, I would like to expand on my previous answer to provide more details on the different frequency bands used in satellite SAR sensors. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Let\u2019s get to know the most commonly uses bands in SAR till now.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"233\" src=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/what-is-sar-synthetic-aperture-radar.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-662\" srcset=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/what-is-sar-synthetic-aperture-radar.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/what-is-sar-synthetic-aperture-radar-300x68.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/what-is-sar-synthetic-aperture-radar-768x175.jpeg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"C-Band\"><\/span>C-Band<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>C-band refers to the radar wavelength of 3.8-7.5 cm range. It is a moderate frequency band and is used in most satellite SAR sensors, including Sentinel-1 and Radarsat-2. The backscatter behavior of C-band is less predictable. Due to additional scattering effects, the layer of backscattering is less determined and does not correspond directly to a terrain surface i.e. neither the vegetation surface nor the ground surface. So in summary we can say that C-band has moderate penetration into vegetation cover and is capable of detecting objects up to a few meters in diameter.&nbsp; It is widely used for mapping applications, urban and infrastructure monitoring, deforestation monitoring, surface change detection and land use change studies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"X-Band\"><\/span>X-Band<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>X-band refers to radar wavelengths in the range of 2.4 to 3.8 cm. It is a high frequency band and is used in satellite SAR sensors such as TerraSAR-X, COSMO-SkyMed and PAZ. The X-band has a lower penetration into vegetation cover, hence the energy of an X-band sensor is mainly returned at the top layer of the canopies but it is capable of detecting objects with a diameter of up to a few centimeters, hence it is considered high resolution. It is widely used for urban and infrastructure monitoring, ice and snow and weather monitoring.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"P-Band\"><\/span>P-Band<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>P-band refers to the wavelengths of the radar signal in the range of 30 -100 cm. It is a low frequency band and is typically used in missions with a higher penetration capability in vegetation and ground cover, it is capable of detecting objects with a diameter of up to several meters. It is used for mapping applications, deforestation monitoring, surface change detection and land use change studies, as well as for geological surveys, agriculture application.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"L-Band\"><\/span>L-Band<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>L-band refers to the L-frequency band, which generally lies between 15 and 30cm. Due to the low frequency used, the signal has a greater ability to penetrate vegetation and soil, allowing objects below these layers to be detected. L-band SAR instruments allows to measure surface deformation of vegetated terrain, soil moisture, land cover classification, crop type discrimination and its temporal analysis. Furthermore, it will monitor Polar ice sheets and ice caps, and the sea-ice conditions (i.e. type, drift, deformation, concentration, lead fraction), as well as contribute to the European maritime situational awareness. L-band data provides considerably more coverage, but at the expense of spatial resolution, for example while Sentinel-1 provides a spatial resolution of SR = 20 m x 5 m, ALOS can provide only 50 m x 50 m at best.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As for interferometry, it can be used with any SAR band. SAR interferometry (InSAR) is a technique that uses two or more SAR images to generate an interferometric image, which shows the phase difference in the SAR signal between the two images. Using this characteristic of different bands makes it possible to discern information as required by the application<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-dots\"\/>\n\n\n<div class=\"detektia-postcta\"><p>We hope that we have answered all your doubts. If you have any further questions, feel free to leave us a message below so we can help you \u2193\u2193\u2193<\/p><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In this article you can find what synthetic aperture radar or SAR technology is, its importance and available data sources. You will also find details about what it is used for as well as available bands and their main characteristics. What is synthetic-aperture radar (SAR)? Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) is a type of sensor radar &#8230; <\/p>\n<p class=\"read-more-container\"><a title=\"SAR Synthetic-Aperture Radar\" class=\"read-more button\" href=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/sar-synthetic-aperture-radar\/#more-553\" aria-label=\"Read more about SAR Synthetic-Aperture Radar\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":554,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-553","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-detektia","8":"generate-columns","9":"tablet-grid-50","10":"mobile-grid-100","11":"grid-parent","12":"grid-50","13":"no-featured-image-padding"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>\u25b7 Learn about Synthetic-Aperture Radar 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