{"id":1240,"date":"2025-04-19T09:23:34","date_gmt":"2025-04-19T09:23:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/?p=1240"},"modified":"2025-05-01T09:16:22","modified_gmt":"2025-05-01T09:16:22","slug":"sinkhole-causes-risks-prevention","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/sinkhole-causes-risks-prevention\/","title":{"rendered":"Sinkholes: causes, risks, and how to prevent them"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>This article aims to provide an in-depth analysis of key factors involved in the formation of sinkholes, ground subsidence, and terrain collapses\u2014collectively known in English as <strong>sinkholes<\/strong>. In addition, we explore how <strong>InSAR technology<\/strong> contributes to improving their monitoring and control.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>These phenomena occur across the globe and, as we will see, can develop in a wide variety of geological settings and be triggered by both natural and anthropogenic mechanisms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In certain environments, the appearance of a sinkhole represents a <strong>critical risk<\/strong> due to its potential impact on <strong>human safety<\/strong> and the <strong>economic cost<\/strong> associated with repair and stabilization efforts. In this article, we delve into the causes, characteristics, risks, and current <strong>prevention systems<\/strong> used to address this complex issue.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"detektia-postcta\"><p>At Detektia, we offer solutions based on satellite InSAR technology to help prevent the occurrence of various phenomena, such as:<\/p><\/div>\n\n\n<div id=\"detektia-cta-services\"><div class=\"wp-block-columns insar-services-grid is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-1 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\"><div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-cover\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-cover__background has-background-dim\" style=\"background-color:#32352a\"><\/span><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" class=\"wp-block-cover__image-background wp-image-3353\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/eyeradar-sinkholes.jpg\" data-object-fit=\"cover\" srcset=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/eyeradar-sinkholes.jpg 400w, https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/eyeradar-sinkholes.jpg-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/eyeradar-sinkholes.jpg-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\"><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-cover-is-layout-constrained\"><p class=\"has-text-align-center has-large-font-size\"><a href=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/insar-ground-movement-monitoring\/sinkholes\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">sinkholes<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-cover is-light\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-cover__background has-background-dim\"><\/span><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" class=\"wp-block-cover__image-background wp-image-2156\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/eyeradar-embankments.jpg\" data-object-fit=\"cover\" srcset=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/eyeradar-embankments.jpg 400w, https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/eyeradar-embankments-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/eyeradar-embankments-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\"><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-cover-is-layout-constrained\"><p class=\"has-text-align-center has-base-3-color has-text-color has-large-font-size\"><a href=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/structural-health-monitoring\/embankments\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">embankments monitoring<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-cover\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-cover__background has-background-dim\" style=\"background-color:#665c4e\"><\/span><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" class=\"wp-block-cover__image-background wp-image-3070\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/eyeradar-landslides.jpg\" data-object-fit=\"cover\" srcset=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/eyeradar-landslides.jpg 400w, https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/eyeradar-landslidess-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/eyeradar-landslides-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\"><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-cover-is-layout-constrained\"><p class=\"has-text-align-center has-large-font-size\"><a href=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/insar-ground-movement-monitoring\/landslides\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">landslide failure prevention<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"popmake-1035 pum-trigger\">If you&#8217;re interested in exploring how <strong>satellite technology<\/strong> can be used to <strong>assess the risk of new sinkholes<\/strong>, feel free to <strong><a href=\"#\">get in touch with us<\/a><\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_76 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/sinkhole-causes-risks-prevention\/#What_is_a_sinkhole%E2%80%8B\" >What is a sinkhole\u200b?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/sinkhole-causes-risks-prevention\/#What_causes_sinkholes%E2%80%8B\" >What causes sinkholes\u200b?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/sinkhole-causes-risks-prevention\/#How_do_sinkholes_form%E2%80%8B\" >How do sinkholes form\u200b?<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/sinkhole-causes-risks-prevention\/#Sinkholes_in_Karst_Terrain\" >Sinkholes in Karst Terrain<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/sinkhole-causes-risks-prevention\/#Sinkholes_in_Other_Geological_Settings\" >Sinkholes in Other Geological Settings<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/sinkhole-causes-risks-prevention\/#Anthropogenic_sinkholes\" >Anthropogenic sinkholes<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/sinkhole-causes-risks-prevention\/#Sinkholes_in_mantled_terrains\" >Sinkholes in mantled terrains<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/sinkhole-causes-risks-prevention\/#Examples_of_Sinkholes_Around_the_World\" >Examples of Sinkholes Around the World<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/sinkhole-causes-risks-prevention\/#Apulia_Peninsula_Southern_Italy\" >Apulia Peninsula (Southern Italy)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/sinkhole-causes-risks-prevention\/#Bottomless_Lakes_State_Park_New_Mexico_USA\" >Bottomless Lakes State Park, New Mexico, USA<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/sinkhole-causes-risks-prevention\/#Guatemala_City_Guatemala\" >Guatemala City, Guatemala<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/sinkhole-causes-risks-prevention\/#New_Orleans_United_States\" >New Orleans, United States<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/sinkhole-causes-risks-prevention\/#Dead_Sea_Coast_Israel_and_Jordan\" >Dead Sea Coast (Israel and Jordan)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/sinkhole-causes-risks-prevention\/#Ebro_Valley_NE_Spain\" >Ebro Valley (NE Spain)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/sinkhole-causes-risks-prevention\/#Friuli_Venezia_Giulia_Northeast_Italy\" >Friuli Venezia Giulia (Northeast Italy)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/sinkhole-causes-risks-prevention\/#Sinkholes_in_the_cities_of_Quito_and_Portoviejo_Ecuador\" >Sinkholes in the cities of Quito and Portoviejo (Ecuador)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/sinkhole-causes-risks-prevention\/#Holbrook_basin_Arizona_EE_UU\" >Holbrook basin (Arizona, EE. UU.)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/sinkhole-causes-risks-prevention\/#Monitoring_and_predicting_sinkholes_with_InSAR_technology\" >Monitoring and predicting sinkholes with InSAR technology<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/sinkhole-causes-risks-prevention\/#Atributions\" >Atributions<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_is_a_sinkhole%E2%80%8B\"><\/span>What is a sinkhole\u200b?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Sinkholes<\/strong> are enclosed depressions commonly formed by the <strong>subsurface dissolution of soluble rocks<\/strong> and\/or the <strong>downward displacement of materials<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>These processes can lead to ground settlement or sudden surface collapse. Regardless of the underlying mechanism, such phenomena pose a <strong>significant risk to infrastructure and buildings<\/strong> constructed over the undermined sediments.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"960\" height=\"960\" src=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/hataka-sinkhole-japan.jpg\" alt=\"Giant sinkhole in Hakata (Fukuoka), Japan. Photo: Muyo, CC BY-SA 4.0 via Wikimedia Commons https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Hakata_sinkhole_20161109.jpg\" class=\"wp-image-1243\" srcset=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/hataka-sinkhole-japan.jpg 960w, https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/hataka-sinkhole-japan-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/hataka-sinkhole-japan-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/hataka-sinkhole-japan-768x768.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Giant sinkhole in Hakata (Fukuoka), Japan. Photo: Muyo, CC BY-SA 4.0 via <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Hakata_sinkhole_20161109.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Wikimedia Commons<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p>In extreme cases, collapses can occur catastrophically, impacting buildings, infrastructure, or people and causing fatal accidents, especially in urban areas and along transportation routes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_causes_sinkholes%E2%80%8B\"><\/span>What causes sinkholes\u200b?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Sinkholes<\/strong> can form in a variety of geological settings due to different mechanisms, including both <strong>natural processes<\/strong> and <strong>human activities<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It is important to note that although <strong>sinkholes are characteristic of karst terrains<\/strong> \u2014 where they are commonly referred to as <strong>dolines<\/strong> or <strong>sinkholes<\/strong> \u2014 <strong>not all sinkholes occur in karst environments<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In <strong>karst terrains<\/strong>, the cause is the <strong>dissolution of soluble materials<\/strong> such as <strong>limestone<\/strong>, <strong>gypsum<\/strong>, or <strong>dolomite<\/strong>. In these areas, <strong>groundwater slowly dissolves the rock<\/strong>, creating <strong>underground cavities<\/strong> that can eventually <strong>collapse<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sinkholes can also form in <strong>non-karst terrains<\/strong> due to <strong>prolonged water infiltration<\/strong>, which <strong>washes away soil particles<\/strong> and <strong>weakens the ground\u2019s structural integrity<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"720\" height=\"720\" src=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/sinkhole-united-states.jpg\" alt=\"Giant sinkhole in the middle of the roadway in the United States. Photo: Oregon Department of Transportation, CC BY 2.0 via Wikimedia Commons https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Sinkhole_in_Harbor,_Oregon_3.jpg\" class=\"wp-image-1250\" srcset=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/sinkhole-united-states.jpg 720w, https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/sinkhole-united-states-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/sinkhole-united-states-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Giant sinkhole in the middle of the roadway in the United States. Photo: Oregon Department of Transportation, CC BY 2.0 via <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Sinkhole_in_Harbor,_Oregon_3.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Wikimedia Commons<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p>In the case of <strong>human activities<\/strong>, there are several factors that can trigger the formation of <strong>sinkholes<\/strong>. These include <strong>excessive groundwater extraction from aquifers<\/strong>, the <strong>construction of underground infrastructure<\/strong>, <strong>leaking pipes in urban areas<\/strong>, <strong>mining operations<\/strong>, and more.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"How_do_sinkholes_form%E2%80%8B\"><\/span>How do sinkholes form\u200b?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Below, we explore different types of sinkholes classified by terrain and origin, along with an analysis of the causes behind their formation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Sinkholes_in_Karst_Terrain\"><\/span>Sinkholes in Karst Terrain<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>In karst areas, sinkholes form due to the <strong>dissolution of soluble rocks<\/strong> such as limestone or gypsum. <strong>Slightly acidic water<\/strong> dissolves these rocks along fractures and joints, gradually creating <strong>underground cavities<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>When these cavities become too large, the <strong>roof can collapse<\/strong>, resulting in a sinkhole. <strong>Karst sinkholes<\/strong> can be classified into three main types: <strong>solution, collapse<\/strong>, and <strong>subsidence<\/strong> sinkholes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Sinkholes_in_Other_Geological_Settings\"><\/span>Sinkholes in Other Geological Settings<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Sinkholes can also form due to internal soil erosion<\/strong>, where water flowing through underground channels gradually <strong>carries away soil particles<\/strong>. This process is particularly common in <strong>alluvial deposits and unconsolidated sediments<\/strong>, leading to the progressive weakening of the ground and potential surface collapse.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/sinkhole-puebla-mexico-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Giant sinkhole in Puebla, Mexico. Photo: Juan Carlos S\u00e1nchez D\u00edaz, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Socav%C3%B3n_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_Zacatepec.jpg\" class=\"wp-image-1248\" srcset=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/sinkhole-puebla-mexico-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/sinkhole-puebla-mexico-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/sinkhole-puebla-mexico-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/sinkhole-puebla-mexico.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Giant sinkhole in Puebla, Mexico. Photo: Juan Carlos S\u00e1nchez D\u00edaz, CC BY-SA 2.0, via <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Socav%C3%B3n_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_Zacatepec.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Wikimedia Commons<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong>Liquefaction-induced sinkholes<\/strong> occur when <strong>water-saturated soil loses strength and stiffness<\/strong> due to an external force, such as an earthquake. This phenomenon, known as <strong>soil liquefaction<\/strong>, causes the ground to behave like a liquid, making it <strong>incapable of supporting surface structures<\/strong>, which can lead to ground collapse and sinkhole formation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In <strong>clastic soils<\/strong>, <strong>internal erosion<\/strong> can create underground voids that result in sinkholes. These processes are often associated with <strong>the emergence of water and gases<\/strong> from below the surface.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Anthropogenic_sinkholes\"><\/span>Anthropogenic sinkholes<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Human activities<\/strong>, such as <strong>tunneling or underground excavation<\/strong>, <strong>groundwater extraction<\/strong>, and <strong>construction on unstable ground<\/strong>, can <strong>cause or accelerate the formation of sinkholes<\/strong>. These sinkholes can occur even in areas <strong>without soluble rock formations<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Leaking pipelines<\/strong> in urban areas can <strong>increase water infiltration<\/strong> into the subsurface, <strong>triggering or reactivating sinkholes<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"960\" height=\"960\" src=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/sinkhole-united-states-road.jpg\" alt=\"Huge sinkhole in the municipality of Harbor, United States. Photo: Oregon Department of Transportation, CC BY 2.0 via Wikimedia Commons https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Harbor_sinkhole_(24691134235).jpg\" class=\"wp-image-1251\" srcset=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/sinkhole-united-states-road.jpg 960w, https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/sinkhole-united-states-road-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/sinkhole-united-states-road-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/sinkhole-united-states-road-768x768.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Huge sinkhole in the municipality of Harbor, United States. Photo: Oregon Department of Transportation, CC BY 2.0 via <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Harbor_sinkhole_(24691134235).jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Wikimedia Commons<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p>Sinkholes can also result from the <strong>instability of man-made underground cavities<\/strong>, such as <strong>abandoned mines<\/strong>, <strong>quarries<\/strong>, or <strong>catacombs<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Sinkholes_in_mantled_terrains\"><\/span>Sinkholes in mantled terrains<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Sinkholes can form in areas where karst rock is covered by unconsolidated sediments.<\/strong> In these cases, surface collapse or subsidence may not be directly caused by the dissolution of the underlying rock, but rather by internal erosion processes or the collapse of underground cavities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Sinkholes can also develop in non-soluble rocks when these overlay soluble rock layers.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As we&#8217;ve seen, the presence of soluble rock is not the only determining factor in the formation of a sinkhole. Other factors, such as <strong>human activity, internal erosion, and soil liquefaction<\/strong>, can also contribute to their development.<\/p>\n\n\n<div id='newsletter-detektia'><p>We're getting ready to launch a new edition of our InSAR satellite course focused on infrastructure management. Would you like to receive more information?<\/p><p>We're sharing all the details through our free newsletter. We promise no spam\u2014just relevant updates about the sector. Sign up to stay informed.<\/p><form action=\"https:\/\/detektia.ipzmarketing.com\/f\/WYCxBS0OvfI\" accept-charset=\"UTF-8\" method=\"post\"><input type=\"text\" name=\"anotheremail\" id=\"anotheremail\" style=\"position: absolute; left: -5000px\" tabindex=\"-1\" autocomplete=\"new-password\" \/><div class=\"signup-form-content\"><div><div style=\"float: left; width: 75%;\"><div><input placeholder=\"E-mail address\" type=\"email\" name=\"subscriber[email]\" id=\"subscriber_email\" style=\"width: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; background-color: white;\" required\/><\/div><\/div><div style=\"float: left; width: 22%; margin-left: 3%;\"><input type=\"submit\" name=\"commit\" value=\"Send\" class=\"btn btn-primary\" data-disable-with=\"Loading\" style=\"margin-top: 0px; width: 100%;\" \/><\/div><div style=\"clear: both;\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"recaptcha\"><script src=\"https:\/\/www.recaptcha.net\/recaptcha\/api.js\" async defer ><\/script><div data-sitekey=\"6LfxSlQUAAAAAE2wMx0128AjWWFXJoBkiNQn2m8m\" class=\"g-recaptcha \"><\/div><noscript><div><div style=\"width:302px;height:422px;position:relative\"><div style=\"width:302px;height:422px;position:absolute\"><iframe src=\"https:\/\/www.recaptcha.net\/recaptcha\/api\/fallback?k=6LfxSlQUAAAAAE2wMx0128AjWWFXJoBkiNQn2m8m\" name=\"ReCAPTCHA\" style=\"width:302px;height:422px;border-style:none;border:0;overflow:hidden\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div><div style=\"width:300px;height:60px;border-style:none;bottom:12px;left:25px;margin:0;padding:0;right:25px;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #c1c1c1;border-radius:3px\"><textarea name=\"g-recaptcha-response\" class=\"g-recaptcha-response\" style=\"width:250px;height:40px;border:1px solid #c1c1c1;margin:10px 25px;padding:0;resize:none\">\n                <\/textarea><\/div><\/div><\/noscript><\/div><div style=\"width: 100%; margin-top: 20px;\"><div><div class=\"checkbox\"><input value=\"0\" autocomplete=\"off\" type=\"hidden\" name=\"subscriber[subscribed_with_acceptance]\" \/><label class=\"boolean required\" for=\"subscriber_subscribed_with_acceptance\"><input class=\"boolean required\" required=\"required\" aria-required=\"true\" type=\"checkbox\" value=\"1\" name=\"subscriber[subscribed_with_acceptance]\" id=\"subscriber_subscribed_with_acceptance\" \/> I Agree to <a href=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/privacy-policy\/\" target=\"_blank\">Privacy Policy<\/a>.<\/label><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/form><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Examples_of_Sinkholes_Around_the_World\"><\/span>Examples of Sinkholes Around the World<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Sinkholes Occur in Various Regions Worldwide<\/strong>, each shaped by distinct <strong>geological conditions<\/strong> and <strong>formation mechanisms<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Here are some illustrative examples that showcase the <strong>diversity of settings and processes<\/strong> leading to sinkhole formation across the globe:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Apulia_Peninsula_Southern_Italy\"><\/span>Apulia Peninsula (Southern Italy)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>In this region, <strong>sinkholes are particularly common<\/strong> in <strong>Salento<\/strong>, the southernmost area composed of <strong>Jurassic and Cretaceous limestones and dolomites<\/strong> overlain by <strong>Tertiary and Quaternary clastic carbonates<\/strong> and <strong>interbedded clays<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>These sinkholes are among the <strong>most characteristic landforms<\/strong> of the area and are often referred to locally as <strong>\u201cvore.\u201d<\/strong> <strong>Hyperkarst processes<\/strong> at the <strong>interface between seawater and freshwater aquifers<\/strong> are known to <strong>enhance their development<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Bottomless_Lakes_State_Park_New_Mexico_USA\"><\/span>Bottomless Lakes State Park, New Mexico, USA<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>This region is marked by <strong>sinkholes formed through the collapse of cave ceilings<\/strong>. The resulting depressions are often <strong>filled with groundwater<\/strong>, forming <strong>natural lakes<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Guatemala_City_Guatemala\"><\/span>Guatemala City, Guatemala<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>On <strong>February 22, 2007<\/strong>, a <strong>massive sinkhole<\/strong> opened in the <strong>San Antonio district of Guatemala City<\/strong>, caused by the <strong>collapse of underground cavities<\/strong>. This event created an <strong>enormous vertical shaft<\/strong> that captured <strong>global attention<\/strong> due to its <strong>dramatic appearance<\/strong> and <strong>urban setting<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" src=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/sinkhole-ciudad-guatemala-2007.jpg\" alt=\"Huge sinkhole that occurred in 2007 in Guatemala City. Photo: Eric Haddox, CC BY 2.0 via Wikimedia Commons https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Guatemala_city_sinkhole_2007_composite_view.jpg\" class=\"wp-image-1245\" srcset=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/sinkhole-ciudad-guatemala-2007.jpg 900w, https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/sinkhole-ciudad-guatemala-2007-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/sinkhole-ciudad-guatemala-2007-768x576.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Huge sinkhole that occurred in 2007 in Guatemala City. Photo: Eric Haddox, CC BY 2.0 via <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Guatemala_city_sinkhole_2007_composite_view.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Wikimedia Commons<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p>In <strong>May 2010<\/strong>, in the <strong>Ciudad Nueva neighborhood<\/strong> of <strong>Zone 2<\/strong> in <strong>Guatemala City<\/strong>, a <strong>sinkhole<\/strong> formed as a result of <strong>heavy rainfall<\/strong> brought by <strong>Tropical Storm Agatha<\/strong>. The event left behind these <strong>striking and dramatic images<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-media-max-width=\"560\"><p lang=\"es\" dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/dani3palaciosdj?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@dani3palaciosdj<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/FIESTAPARANORMAL?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#FIESTAPARANORMAL<\/a> En el a\u00f1o 2010, en la colonia Ciudad Nueva (Guatemala), se produjo un hundimiento de tierra a causa de las fuertes lluvias provocadas por la Tormenta Tropical Agatha. El agujero media 20 metros de di\u00e1metro y cerca de 30 metros de profundidad&#8230;. <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/FGywYaFqjA\">pic.twitter.com\/FGywYaFqjA<\/a><\/p>&mdash; Alba Salcedo Caldas (@AlbaSalcedoCald) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/AlbaSalcedoCald\/status\/1020153656530931712?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">July 20, 2018<\/a><\/blockquote> <script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script>\n\n\n\n<br>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"New_Orleans_United_States\"><\/span>New Orleans, United States<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Due to its <strong>location between the Mississippi River and Lake Pontchartrain<\/strong>, this American city is built on <strong>swampy ground<\/strong>, and a large portion of it lies <strong>below sea level<\/strong>. This characteristic makes the city <strong>vulnerable to flooding<\/strong> and <strong>prone to the formation of sinkholes<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/sinkhole-new-orleans-united-states-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Sinkhole in New Orleans, United States. Photo: Infrogmation of New Orleans, CC BY-SA 4.0 via Wikimedia Commons https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Sinkhole_de_Mayo_2016_New_Orleans_28.jpg\" class=\"wp-image-1246\" srcset=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/sinkhole-new-orleans-united-states-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/sinkhole-new-orleans-united-states-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/sinkhole-new-orleans-united-states-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/sinkhole-new-orleans-united-states.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Sinkhole in New Orleans, United States. Photo: Infrogmation of New Orleans, CC BY-SA 4.0 via <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Sinkhole_de_Mayo_2016_New_Orleans_28.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Wikimedia Commons<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Dead_Sea_Coast_Israel_and_Jordan\"><\/span>Dead Sea Coast (Israel and Jordan)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The formation of <strong>sinkholes along the Dead Sea shores<\/strong> is attributed to the <strong>collapse of cavities<\/strong> formed by the <strong>dissolution of underground salt layers<\/strong>. This occurs due to the <strong>replacement of hypersaline groundwater with freshwater<\/strong> as the <strong>Dead Sea water level declines<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"750\" src=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/israel-dead-sea-sinkhole.jpg\" alt=\"Sinkhole at the Dead Sea, Israel. Photo: \u05e9\u05e8\u05d5\u05df \u05e9\u05dc\u05de\u05d4, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:PikiWiki_Israel_14532_Dead_Sea_sinkholes.jpg\" class=\"wp-image-1244\" srcset=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/israel-dead-sea-sinkhole.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/israel-dead-sea-sinkhole-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/israel-dead-sea-sinkhole-768x576.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Sinkhole at the Dead Sea, Israel. Photo: \u05e9\u05e8\u05d5\u05df \u05e9\u05dc\u05de\u05d4, Public domain, via <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:PikiWiki_Israel_14532_Dead_Sea_sinkholes.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Wikimedia Commons<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Ebro_Valley_NE_Spain\"><\/span>Ebro Valley (NE Spain)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Sinkholes in this region are linked to the <strong>dissolution of evaporites<\/strong> (gypsum, anhydrite, halite, and glauberite) from the <strong>Zaragoza Formation<\/strong>, dating from the <strong>Late Oligocene\u2013Miocene<\/strong>. <strong>Subsidence<\/strong> in the Ebro and G\u00e1llego valleys is largely associated with the <strong>interbedded dissolution of halite and glauberite<\/strong>. <strong>Active sinkholes<\/strong> and large <strong>composite depressions<\/strong> can be easily identified and characterized using <strong>satellite-based InSAR technology<\/strong> due to their <strong>distinct concentric deformation patterns<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The screenshot below shows a <strong>map of average settlement velocities in mm\/year<\/strong>, calculated using <strong>InSAR technology<\/strong> for a specific area of the Ebro Valley. On the right, both <strong>deformation metrics<\/strong> and a <strong>graph of vertical and East-West planar deformation evolution<\/strong> are displayed for a specific building (highlighted in blue on the map).<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"563\" src=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/sinkhole-detection-ebro-valley-spain.jpg\" alt=\"Map of average settlement velocities in mm\/year in a specific area. On the right, both the deformation metrics and the time series of vertical and East-West planimetric deformation for a specific building (blue polygon on the map) are shown.\" class=\"wp-image-1219\" srcset=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/sinkhole-detection-ebro-valley-spain.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/sinkhole-detection-ebro-valley-spain-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/sinkhole-detection-ebro-valley-spain-768x432.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Map of average settlement velocities in mm\/year in a specific area. On the right, both the deformation metrics and the time series of vertical and East-West planimetric deformation for a specific building (blue polygon on the map) are shown.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p>More information about the analysis carried out by Detektia on sinkholes in the Ebro Valley: <a href=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/insar-ground-movement-monitoring\/sinkholes\/ebro-valley\/\">https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/insar-ground-movement-monitoring\/sinkholes\/ebro-valley\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Friuli_Venezia_Giulia_Northeast_Italy\"><\/span>Friuli Venezia Giulia (Northeast Italy)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>This region is one of the most affected areas in northern Italy, with <strong>1,199 sinkhole events<\/strong> recorded <strong>only in evaporitic rock beds<\/strong>. Sinkholes are well-known natural phenomena dating back to the <strong>late 19th century<\/strong> and represent a <strong>serious threat to man-made structures<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Sinkholes_in_the_cities_of_Quito_and_Portoviejo_Ecuador\"><\/span>Sinkholes in the cities of Quito and Portoviejo (Ecuador)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>In 2008, the area known as <strong>El Tr\u00e9bol in Quito<\/strong> experienced a <strong>gigantic sinkhole<\/strong>, which resulted in this <strong>spectacular image<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/sinkhole-quito-ecuador-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Giant sinkhole at El Tr\u00e9bol in Quito, Ecuador. Photo: Theofilos Toulkeridis, Fabi\u00e1n Rodr\u00edguez, Nelson Arias Jim\u00e9nez, D\u00e9bora Sim\u00f3n Baile, Rodolfo Salazar Mart\u00ednez, Aaron Addison, Dora Carre\u00f3n Freyre, Fernando Mato, Carmen D\u00edaz Perez via Wikimedia Commons https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Initial-stage-of-sinkhole-at-El-Trbol.jpg\" class=\"wp-image-1249\" srcset=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/sinkhole-quito-ecuador-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/sinkhole-quito-ecuador-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/sinkhole-quito-ecuador-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/sinkhole-quito-ecuador.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Giant sinkhole at El Tr\u00e9bol in Quito, Ecuador. Photo: Theofilos Toulkeridis, Fabi\u00e1n Rodr\u00edguez, Nelson Arias Jim\u00e9nez, D\u00e9bora Sim\u00f3n Baile, Rodolfo Salazar Mart\u00ednez, Aaron Addison, Dora Carre\u00f3n Freyre, Fernando Mato, Carmen D\u00edaz Perez via <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Initial-stage-of-sinkhole-at-El-Trbol.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Wikimedia Commons<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p>During the <strong>Pedernales earthquake<\/strong> in Ecuador in <strong>2016<\/strong> (magnitude <strong>7.8<\/strong>), the city of <strong>Portoviejo<\/strong> experienced <strong>liquefaction phenomena<\/strong> that led to <strong>ground subsidence<\/strong> and the formation of <strong>sinkholes<\/strong>, severely affecting the <strong>local infrastructure<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Holbrook_basin_Arizona_EE_UU\"><\/span>Holbrook basin (Arizona, EE. UU.)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Salt dissolution<\/strong> in the area has resulted in <strong>over 500 sinkholes<\/strong> and numerous <strong>geomorphic changes<\/strong> related to <strong>subsidence<\/strong>. More than <strong>25 land subsidence features<\/strong> were detected, covering an area of <strong>over 3,600 km\u00b2<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Monitoring_and_predicting_sinkholes_with_InSAR_technology\"><\/span>Monitoring and predicting sinkholes with InSAR technology<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Slow ground subsidence<\/strong> prior to a sudden collapse suggests that these highly dangerous phenomena can be <strong>anticipated by detecting precursor displacements<\/strong>. This is where <strong>InSAR technology<\/strong> brings significant value in <strong>monitoring these complex processes<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"detektia-postcta\"><p>Satellite-based Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (InSAR) is an effective tool for precisely monitoring the evolution of millimetric ground deformations over time, with high spatial coverage.<\/p><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>InSAR<\/strong> makes it possible to detect <strong>subtle ground movements<\/strong> that may serve as <strong>precursors to the formation or collapse of sinkholes<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/sinkhole-prevention-insar-detektia-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Detektia provides satellite-based InSAR technology services for the early detection of sinkholes, helping prevent disasters and reduce repair costs.\" class=\"wp-image-1247\" srcset=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/sinkhole-prevention-insar-detektia-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/sinkhole-prevention-insar-detektia-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/sinkhole-prevention-insar-detektia-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/sinkhole-prevention-insar-detektia.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">By leveraging satellite InSAR technology, Detektia delivers early sinkhole detection services that help mitigate risks, prevent structural failures, and lower maintenance expenses.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p>In addition, <strong>deformation time series<\/strong> obtained through <strong>InSAR<\/strong> can be used to <strong>analyze and model the impact<\/strong> of various factors on sinkhole activity, such as <strong>earthquakes<\/strong>, <strong>changes in the water table<\/strong>, <strong>flooding<\/strong>, <strong>irrigation<\/strong>, and <strong>rainfall events<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"detektia-postcta\"><p>InSAR technology has proven capable of measuring precursor deformations that anticipate the appearance of sinkholes in areas with a high density of these phenomena, such as along the Dead Sea in Israel and in the Ebro Valley in Spain.<\/p><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>In many cases, <strong>ground deformations have been observed prior to collapse<\/strong>, occurring anywhere from <strong>a few days to several years<\/strong> before the event.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The most effective strategy to <strong>reduce the risk associated with these processes<\/strong> is to <strong>identify and avoid areas of higher susceptibility<\/strong>, which is achieved through <strong>mapping inventories<\/strong> and <strong>hazard models<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>InSAR is also a key tool<\/strong> for the development of <strong>sinkhole susceptibility maps<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n<div id='newsletter-detektia'><p>A new edition of our InSAR satellite course on infrastructure management is coming soon. Want to stay in the loop?<\/p><p>Get all the details through our free newsletter. No spam\u2014just useful insights and updates from the sector. Sign up to stay ahead.<\/p><form action=\"https:\/\/detektia.ipzmarketing.com\/f\/WYCxBS0OvfI\" accept-charset=\"UTF-8\" method=\"post\"><input type=\"text\" name=\"anotheremail\" id=\"anotheremail\" style=\"position: absolute; left: -5000px\" tabindex=\"-1\" autocomplete=\"new-password\" \/><div class=\"signup-form-content\"><div><div style=\"float: left; width: 75%;\"><div><input placeholder=\"E-mail address\" type=\"email\" name=\"subscriber[email]\" id=\"subscriber_email\" style=\"width: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; background-color: white;\" required\/><\/div><\/div><div style=\"float: left; width: 22%; margin-left: 3%;\"><input type=\"submit\" name=\"commit\" value=\"Send\" class=\"btn btn-primary\" data-disable-with=\"Loading\" style=\"margin-top: 0px; width: 100%;\" \/><\/div><div style=\"clear: both;\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"recaptcha\"><script src=\"https:\/\/www.recaptcha.net\/recaptcha\/api.js\" async defer ><\/script><div data-sitekey=\"6LfxSlQUAAAAAE2wMx0128AjWWFXJoBkiNQn2m8m\" class=\"g-recaptcha \"><\/div><noscript><div><div style=\"width:302px;height:422px;position:relative\"><div style=\"width:302px;height:422px;position:absolute\"><iframe src=\"https:\/\/www.recaptcha.net\/recaptcha\/api\/fallback?k=6LfxSlQUAAAAAE2wMx0128AjWWFXJoBkiNQn2m8m\" name=\"ReCAPTCHA\" style=\"width:302px;height:422px;border-style:none;border:0;overflow:hidden\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div><div style=\"width:300px;height:60px;border-style:none;bottom:12px;left:25px;margin:0;padding:0;right:25px;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #c1c1c1;border-radius:3px\"><textarea name=\"g-recaptcha-response\" class=\"g-recaptcha-response\" style=\"width:250px;height:40px;border:1px solid #c1c1c1;margin:10px 25px;padding:0;resize:none\">\n                <\/textarea><\/div><\/div><\/noscript><\/div><div style=\"width: 100%; margin-top: 20px;\"><div><div class=\"checkbox\"><input value=\"0\" autocomplete=\"off\" type=\"hidden\" name=\"subscriber[subscribed_with_acceptance]\" \/><label class=\"boolean required\" for=\"subscriber_subscribed_with_acceptance\"><input class=\"boolean required\" required=\"required\" aria-required=\"true\" type=\"checkbox\" value=\"1\" name=\"subscriber[subscribed_with_acceptance]\" id=\"subscriber_subscribed_with_acceptance\" \/> I Agree to <a href=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/privacy-policy\/\" target=\"_blank\">Privacy Policy<\/a>.<\/label><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/form><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>The <strong>integration of InSAR techniques<\/strong> with <strong>geological models<\/strong> and <strong>Machine Learning<\/strong> enables the creation of <strong>sinkhole susceptibility maps<\/strong>, which are crucial for <strong>route selection<\/strong>, <strong>planning<\/strong>, and the <strong>construction of major transportation infrastructure<\/strong>, as well as for <strong>site selection<\/strong> in regions prone to these phenomena.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Some concrete examples of InSAR applications in sinkhole studies include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Dead Sea<\/strong>: InSAR data has been used to study <strong>subsidence induced by salt dissolution<\/strong> along the Dead Sea coast, identifying <strong>subsidence rates ranging from 5 mm\/year to 20 mm\/year<\/strong> in large shallow depressions.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ebro Valley<\/strong>: InSAR has been employed to measure <strong>ground deformation caused by sinkholes<\/strong>, <strong>mining subsidence<\/strong>, and <strong>landslides<\/strong> in the Ebro Valley. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/273542664_Assessing_sinkhole_activity_in_the_Ebro_Valley_mantled_evaporite_karst_using_advanced_DInSAR\">More information can be found in this ResearchGate paper<\/a><em>.<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Holbrook Basin, Arizona<\/strong>: Interferometric techniques have been used to detect <strong>subsidence related to karst activity<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Despite its advantages, <strong>InSAR also has limitations<\/strong>, such as <strong>temporal and geometric decorrelation<\/strong> of the signal, especially in areas with <strong>dense vegetation<\/strong>, <strong>erosion<\/strong>, <strong>changing moisture conditions<\/strong>, or <strong>high deformation rates<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To overcome these limitations, <strong>advanced processing techniques<\/strong> have been developed, which we discuss <a href=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/insar\/ps-insar-ds-insar\/\">in other articles<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-large-font-size\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Atributions\"><\/span>Atributions<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"has-small-font-size\"><strong>BBC article<\/strong> on how <strong>NASA uses satellite InSAR technology to prevent sinkholes<\/strong>: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/mundo\/noticias\/2014\/03\/140311_socavones_radar_nasa_rg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/mundo\/noticias\/2014\/03\/140311_socavones_radar_nasa_rg<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"has-small-font-size\"><strong>National Geographic article<\/strong> about the formation of <strong>giant sinkholes<\/strong>: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.es\/medio-ambiente\/socavon-gigante\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.es\/medio-ambiente\/socavon-gigante<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"has-small-font-size\"><strong>Cover image<\/strong> (before being edited by Detektia) downloaded from Wikimedia Commons: <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Hakata_sinkhole_20161109.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Hakata_sinkhole_20161109.jpg<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"has-small-font-size\"><strong>Satellite image<\/strong> downloaded from Freepik: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.freepik.es\/imagen-ia-gratis\/tierra-vista-espacio_47990978.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.freepik.es\/imagen-ia-gratis\/tierra-vista-espacio_47990978.htm<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This article aims to provide an in-depth analysis of key factors involved in the formation of sinkholes, ground subsidence, and terrain collapses\u2014collectively known in English as sinkholes. In addition, we explore how InSAR technology contributes to improving their monitoring and control. These phenomena occur across the globe and, as we will see, can develop in &#8230; <\/p>\n<p class=\"read-more-container\"><a title=\"Sinkholes: causes, risks, and how to prevent them\" class=\"read-more button\" href=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/sinkhole-causes-risks-prevention\/#more-1240\" aria-label=\"Read more about Sinkholes: causes, risks, and how to prevent them\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1241,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-1240","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-detektia","8":"generate-columns","9":"tablet-grid-50","10":"mobile-grid-100","11":"grid-parent","12":"grid-50","13":"no-featured-image-padding"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Sinkholes: causes, risks, and how to prevent them - Detektia Earth Surface Monitoring<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/detektia.com\/en\/sinkhole-causes-risks-prevention\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Sinkholes: causes, risks, and how to prevent them - Detektia Earth Surface Monitoring\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"This article aims to provide an in-depth analysis of key factors involved in the formation of sinkholes, ground subsidence, and terrain collapses\u2014collectively known in English as sinkholes. 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